java - When does JVM decide to reuse old lambda?

Question

Consider the following code fragment:

public static Object o = new Object();

public static Callable x1() {
    Object x = o;
    return () -> x;
}

public static Callable x2() {
    return () -> o;
}

Method x2() will always return the same lamba object, while x1() will always create new one:

    System.out.println(x1());
    System.out.println(x1());
    System.out.println(x2());
    System.out.println(x2());

will printout something like this:

TestLambda$$Lambda$1/821270929@4a574795
TestLambda$$Lambda$1/821270929@f6f4d33
TestLambda$$Lambda$2/603742814@7adf9f5f
TestLambda$$Lambda$2/603742814@7adf9f5f

Where (in JVM specification I guess?) is this rule of lambda reuse described? How does JVM decide where do reuse or not?

Answer 1

You can't be sure about the identity of the object returned for a lambda expression. It can be a new instance, or a pre-existing instance.

This is specified in JLS §15.27.4:

At run time, evaluation of a lambda expression is similar to evaluation of a class instance creation expression, insofar as normal completion produces a reference to an object. Evaluation of a lambda expression is distinct from execution of the lambda body.

Either a new instance of a class with the properties below is allocated and initialized, or an existing instance of a class with the properties below is referenced. If a new instance is to be created, but there is insufficient space to allocate the object, evaluation of the lambda expression completes abruptly by throwing an OutOfMemoryError.